[124], Spotted hyenas will follow packs of African wild dogs in order to appropriate their kills. Vidéo réalisée par Sénégal Authentique. [54][74] Copulation may be repeated multiple times during a period of several hours. Nigerian spotted hyenas are on the verge of extinction, due to lack of legal protection outside of national parks and reserves, declines in prey populations and persecution in retaliation to livestock predation. (469808) [13], Spotted hyena societies are more complex than those of other carnivorous mammals, and are remarkably similar to those of cercopithecine primates in respect to group size, structure, competition and cooperation. The Arab word for the hyena, ḍab` or ḍabu` (plural ḍibā`), is alluded to in a valley in Israel known as Shaqq-ud-Diba` (meaning "cleft of the hyenas") and Wadi-Abu-Diba` (meaning "valley of the hyenas"). Its current distribution is patchy in many places, especially in West Africa. [87] The intelligence of the spotted hyena was attested to by Dutch colonists in 19th-century South Africa, who noted that hyenas were exceedingly cunning and suspicious, particularly after successfully escaping from traps. The crest is mostly reddish-brown in colour. He also wrote that hyenas only attacked brave people. Leo Africanus repeated some of the old concepts on the hyena, with the addition of describing its legs and feet as similar to those of men. [64] High-ranking hyenas maintain their position through aggression directed against lower-ranking clan-members. Elle avait si faim qu’elle n’en pouvait plus. The structure of the den, consisting of small underground channels, is likely an effective anti-predator device which protects cubs from predation during the absence of the mother. [150], During the early years of Dutch colonisation in southern Africa, hyenas (referred to as "wolves" by the colonists) were especially susceptible to trapping, as their predilection for eating carrion, and lack of caution about enclosed spaces, worked against them. They began forming increasingly larger territories, necessitated by the fact that their prey was often migratory, and long chases in a small territory would have caused them to encroach into another clan's land. Also, it was not a serious rival like the cave lion or cave bear, and it lacked the impressiveness of the mammoth or woolly rhino. [99] Cape buffalo are rarely attacked due to differences in habitat preference, though adult bulls have been recorded to be taken on occasion. Once selected, their prey is chased over a long distance, often several kilometres, at speeds of up to 60 km/h. [74] This practice dates back to the times of the Ancient Greeks and Romans, who believed that different parts of the hyena's body were effective means to ward off evil and to ensure love and fertility. The rate at which the species targets livestock may depend on a number of factors, including stock keeping practices, the availability of wild prey and human-associated sources of organic material, such as rubbish. The oldest Alaskan human remains coincide with roughly the same time cave hyenas became extinct, leading certain paleontologists to infer that hyena predation was what prevented humans crossing the Bering strait earlier. Once this is accomplished, a typical mammalian mating posture is adopted. Some 40 of the animals were reportedly seen alongside a fence bordering the British Embassy compound. The first ancestral hyenas were likely similar to the modern African civet; one of the earliest hyena species described, Plioviverrops, was a lithe, civet-like animal that inhabited Eurasia 20–22 million years ago, and is identifiable as a hyaenid by the structure of the middle ear and dentition. [19], The author of the Physiologus, who infused pagan tales with the spirit of Christian moral and mystical teaching, reactivated the myth that the hyena is a hermaphrodite. [19][20], The spotted hyena's scientific name Crocuta, was once widely thought to be derived from the Latin loanword crocutus, which translates as "saffron-coloured one", in reference to the animal's fur colour. The two species typically encounter each other on carcasses, which the larger spotted species usually appropriate. Bosman, a Dutch tradesman who worked for the Dutch West India Company at the Gold Coast (modern day Ghana) from 1688 to 1701, wrote of "Jakhals, of Boshond" (jackals or woodland dogs) whose physical descriptions match the spotted hyena. Dans les rues du village, chaque fois … Records indicate that spotted hyenas in Malawi feed on medium to large-sized ungulates such as waterbuck and impala. The third spotted hyena migration took place 0.36 million years ago, starting from the northern African population and reaching both Europe and Asia. A set of five, pale and barely distinct bands replace the spots on the back and sides of the neck. [1] The species may have originated in Asia,[4] and once ranged throughout Europe for at least one million years until the end of the Late Pleistocene. [34] Its appearance in Europe and China during the Cromerian period coincided with the decline and eventual extinction of Pachycrocuta brevirostris, the giant short-faced hyena. Wildebeest will sometimes attempt to escape hyenas by taking to water although, in such cases, the hyenas almost invariably catch them. It is listed as being of least concern by the IUCN on account of its widespread range and large numbers estimated between 27,000 and 47,000 individuals. [141] During the 1770s and 1780s the species was still widespread in southern and western South Africa, being recorded i.a. In order to obviate this danger, a killed hyena usually has its ears, tail and front legs cut off and buried, as these are the parts which are supposed to be marked by the witches' brand. [8], The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) diverged from the striped and brown hyena 10 million years ago. A single game licence is required to hunt one, and control measures have largely removed the species from settled areas. [161] Although spotted hyenas do prey on humans in modern times, such incidents are rare. [37] Exceptionally large weights of 81.7 kg (180 lb)[9] and 90 kg (198 lb)[27] are known. The Mbugwe consider killing hyenas to be dangerous, as the bond between the hyena and its owner is very strong, and will likely result in the witch seeking retribution. [10][13] In this latter trait, the spotted hyena further show parallels with primates by acquiring rank through coalition. [38] Spotted hyena cubs are born almost fully developed, with their eyes open and erupting incisors and canines, though lacking adult markings. Overall, the two animals typically ignore each other when there is no food or young at stake. A mythical African tribe called the Bouda is reputed to house members able to transform into hyenas. The earliest migration of spotted hyenas from Africa to Eurasia began less than 3.5 million years ago, most probably from the area where the first spotted hyena fossils were discovered, reaching East Asia and most likely also Pakistan. The second migration of spotted hyenas occurred less than 1.3–1.5 million years ago and resulted in the first arrival of hyenas in Europe and a separation of African spotted hyenas into a southern and a northern population. [24], Bosman and Kolben's descriptions went largely unnoticed until 1771, when the Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant, in his Synopsis of Quadrupeds, used the descriptions, as well as his personal experience with a captive specimen, as a basis for consistently differentiating the spotted hyena from the striped. The limbs are spotted, though the feet vary in colour, from light brown to blackish. [169], In some parts of Africa, spotted hyenas have begun to frequent metropolitan areas, where groups or "clans" of the animals have become a menace. A less distinct spot pattern is present on the legs and belly but not on the throat and chest. In Chobe, the spotted hyena's primary prey consists of migratory zebra and resident impala. Bushbuck, suni and buffalo are the dominant prey items in the Aberdare Mountains, while Grant's gazelle, gerenuk, sheep, goats and cattle are likely preyed upon in northern Kenya. Find the perfect hyene stock photo. [88] Spotted hyenas seem to plan on hunting specific species in advance; hyenas have been observed to engage in activities such as scent marking before setting off to hunt zebras, a behaviour which does not occur when they target other prey species. [161], Several authors during the Scramble for Africa attested that, despite its physical strength, the spotted hyena poses no danger to hunters when captured or cornered. [173] In the Cape Colony, spotted hyenas were often hunted by tracking them to their dens and shooting them as they escaped. [64] Hyenas habituated to scavenging on human corpses may develop bold behaviours towards living people: hyena attacks on people in southern Sudan increased during the Second Sudanese Civil War, when human corpses were readily available to them. Older females show a similar preference, with the addition of preferring males with whom they have had long and friendly prior relationships. [64], Cubs are born with soft, brownish black hair, and weigh 1.5 kg on average. [22] The color of the Bogolan is multicolored with brown, beige and white patterns. [120], Although cheetahs and leopards preferentially prey on smaller animals than those hunted by spotted hyenas, hyenas will steal their kills when the opportunity presents itself. [7] European Paleolithic rock art depicting the species indicates that the Eurasian populations retained the spots of their modern-day African counterparts. Although they do not wag their tails, spotted hyenas will flick their tails when approaching dominant animals or when there is a slight tendency to flee. [54] Males will show submissive behaviour when approaching females in heat, even if the male outweighs his partner. Spotted hyenas rarely dig their own dens, having been observed for the most part to use the abandoned burrows of warthogs, springhares and jackals. The ear is typical of the spotted hyena, as it is rounded. [117], The two species may act aggressively toward one another even when there is no food at stake. Niger's hyena populations are declining due to drought, desertification, eradication and poisoning. Hyena attacks were widely reported in Malawi's Phalombe plain, to the north of Michesi Mountain. [70] Like many feliform species, the spotted hyena is promiscuous, and no enduring pair bonds are formed. [60] Spotted hyena clans are more compact and unified than wolf packs, but are not as closely knit as those of African wild dogs. Une histoire surréaliste d’une hyène hante le sommeil les populations de Thiawlène à Rufisque. Similarly, mothers will emit alarm calls when attempting to interrupt attacks on their cubs by other hyenas. Carrion is detected by smell and the sound of other predators feeding. They defecate in the same manner as other Carnivora, though they never raise their legs as canids do when urinating, as urination serves no territorial function for them. [155] Kujamaat hunters traditionally treat the spotted hyenas they kill with the same respect due to deceased tribal elders, in order to avoid retribution from hyena spirits acting on behalf of the dead animal. In the same area, hyena faeces are believed to enable a child to walk at an early age, thus it is not uncommon in that area to see children with hyena dung wrapped in their clothes. [107] This mostly occurs during the nighttime, when hyenas are bolder. 238–242, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSchaller1972 (. During daylight hours, they watch vultures descending upon carcasses. [89] Also, spotted hyenas have been recorded to utilise deceptive behaviour, including giving alarm calls during feeding when no enemies are present, thus frightening off other hyenas and allowing them to temporarily eat in peace. [35], The spotted hyena has a strong and well developed neck and forequarters, but relatively underdeveloped hindquarters. [26] Hyenas have one more pair of ribs than canids do, and their tongues are rough like those of felids and viverrids. [56] A similar myth occurs in Mansôa. [64] During these greeting ceremonies, the penis or pseudo-penis often becomes erect, in both males and females. [48] The role of the spotted hyena mask in their rituals is often to turn the neophyte into a complete moral being by integrating his male principles with femininity. However, rank reversals and overthrows in spotted hyena clans are very rare. For other uses, see, Genera of the Hyaenidae (extinct and recent), Begg, Colleen, Begg, Keith & Muemedi, Oscar (2007), female spotted hyena's external genitalia, raise their legs as canids do when urinating, "A study on use of animals as traditional medicine by Sukuma Tribe of Busega District in North-western Tanzania", "Comparative ecology and taphonomy of spotted hyenas, humans, and wolves in Pleistocene Italy", "Characterizing ecomorphological patterns in hyenids: a multivariate approach using postcanine dentition", "A new species of Tungurictis Colbert, 1939 (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) from the middle Miocene of Junggar Basin, northwestern China and the early divergence of basal hyaenids in East Asia", "Mosaic functionality in a transitional ecomorphology: skull biomechanics in stem Hyaeninae compared to modern South African carnivorans", "The Hyaenidae: taxonomy, systematics and evolution", Sketches of Indian Field Sports: With Observations on the Animals; Also an Account of Some of the Customs of the Inhabitants; with a Description of the Art of Catching Serpents, as Practiced by the Conjoors and Their Method of Curing Themselves when Bitten: with Remarks on Hydrophobia and Rabid Animals, "Bite club: comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa", Hyaena Specialist Group - Spotted Hyena: Diet and Foraging, "Regular exposure to rabies virus and lack of symptomatic disease in Serengeti spotted hyenas", "Socioecological predictors of immune defenses in a wild spotted hyenas", "Markedly Elevated Antibody Responses in Wild versus Captive Spotted Hyenas Show that Environmental and Ecological Factors Are Important Modulators of Immunity", "Development of a hyena immunology toolbox", "Characterization of toll-like receptors 1-10 in spotted hyenas", The Magicality of the Hyena: Beliefs and Practices in West and South Asia, "The spotted hyena from Aristotle to the Lion King: reputation is everything - In the Company of Animals", "Oldest Human Hair Found in Fossilized Dung", Preliminary data on human - carnivore conflict in Niassa National Reserve, Mozambique, particularly fatalities due to lion, spotted hyaena and crocodile, "The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans", "Islamists authorise hyena meat in Southern Somalia", "Mammals of the Soviet Union: Carnivora (hyaenas and cats), Volume 2", "Fauna of British India: Mammals Volume 2", IUCN Conservation Union Hyaena Specialist Group, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyena&oldid=1007964137, Articles with dead external links from May 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The four living species of hyena, clockwise from upper left: spotted hyena (, Civet/mongoose-like insectivore-omnivores, This page was last edited on 20 February 2021, at 21:08. In the Gelede cult of the Yoruba people of Benin and Southwest Nigeria, a spotted hyena mask is used at dawn to signal the end of the èfè ceremony. [152] An April 2004 BBC article described how a shepherd living in the small town of Qabri Bayah about 50 kilometres from Jigjiga, Ethiopia managed to use a male spotted hyena as a livestock guardian dog, suppressing its urge to leave and find a mate by feeding it special herbs. In the southern Kalahari, gemsbok, wildebeest and springbok are the principal prey. Hyenas will however ignore clan boundaries in times of food shortage. Its range once encompassed almost all of Africa and Eurasia, and displayed a large degree of morphological geographic variation, which led to an equally extensive set of specific and subspecific epithets. Although no longer regarded as pests, the population size and dynamics of spotted hyenas in Sierra Leone are unknown. [17] Unlike the grey wolf, the spotted hyena relies more on sight than smell when hunting, and does not follow its prey's prints or travel in single file. There is a continuous distribution over large areas of Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Botswana, Namibia and the Transvaal Lowveld areas of South Africa. In 1551, Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner rejected the belief of the hyena's hermaphroditism, and theorised that it originated from confusion over an androgynous fish bearing the same name. Also, males associate more closely with their own daughters rather than unrelated cubs, and the latter favor their fathers by acting less aggressively toward them. [39] Generally, hyenas are known to drive off larger predators, like lions, from their kills, despite having a reputation in popular culture for being cowardly. [5] In Western Europe at least, the spotted hyena's extinction coincided with a decline in grasslands 12,500 years ago. [170], The spotted hyena has been hunted for its body parts for use in traditional medicine,[144] for amusement,[19] and for sport, though this is rare, as the species is generally not considered attractive. [66] Higher ranking adult spotted hyenas tend to have higher telomere length and higher levels of some immune defense proteins in their blood serum. The arrival of the ancestral bone-crushing hyenas coincided with the decline of the similarly built family Percrocutidae. When approaching wild dogs at a kill, solitary hyenas will approach cautiously and attempt to take off with a piece of meat unnoticed, though they may be mobbed by the dogs in the attempt. In Lascaux, a red and black rock painting of a hyena is present in the part of the cave known as the Diverticule axial, and is depicted in profile, with four limbs, showing an animal with a steep back. Spotted hyenas exhibit adult behaviours very early in life; cubs have been observed to ritually sniff each other and mark their living space before the age of one month. These illustrations were largely based on the descriptions given by Aristotle and Pliny, though the animals have no spots or other bodily markings, thus making it unlikely that the authors had ever seen hyenas first-hand. Although generally tolerated, spotted hyenas in Benin are declining due to persecution and prey depletion. [113], When confronted on a kill by lions, spotted hyenas will either leave or wait patiently at a distance of 30–100 metres until the lions have finished eating. The paw-pads are broad and very flat, with the whole undersurface of the foot around them being naked. Cape spotted hyena populations are even smaller than those of local brown hyenas, due to past persecution. Male cubs which survive grow faster and are likelier to achieve reproductive dominance, while female survivors eliminate rivals for dominance in their natal clan. Selon Vox Pop, la bête a été aperçue à plusieurs reprises par des fidèles qui se rendaient […] The odour of this secretion is very strong, smelling of boiling cheap soap or burning, and can be detected by humans several metres downwind. General Overview The spotted hyena is the most abundant large carnivore in Africa and it occurs throughout sub-Saharan Africa. When fossils are taken into consideration, the species displayed even greater variation than it does in modern times, and a number of these named fossil species have since been classed as synonymous with Crocuta crocuta, with firm evidence of there being more than one species within the genus Crocuta still lacking. [32], The ancestors of the genus Crocuta diverged from Hyaena (the genus of striped and brown hyenas) 10 million years ago. Dens are used mostly by several females at once, and it is not uncommon to see up to 20 cubs at a single site. Among hyenas, only the spotted and striped hyenas have been known to become man-eaters. It has been estimated that adult members of the now extinct Eurasian populations weighed 102 kg (225 lb). Often done while running, with the mouth bent down, Used with other hyenas present just before the onset of an attack, often during a dispute over a kill with lions or other hyenas. [80] Unique among carnivorous mammals, spotted hyenas are also born with their eyes open and with 6–7 mm long canine teeth and 4 mm long incisors. Once the stomach, its wall and contents are consumed, the hyenas will eat the lungs and abdominal and leg muscles. However, unlike other feliforms, they do not "wash" their faces. [61] Females usually but not invariably dominate males, with even the low-ranking females generally being dominant over high-ranking males. Spotted hyenas vary in their folkloric and mythological depictions, depending on the ethnic group from which the tales originate. The Protelinae (aardwolves) are not treated as a separate subfamily, but included in the Hyaeninae. [32][33] The ancestors of the spotted hyena probably developed social behaviours in response to increased pressure from other predators on carcasses, which forced them to operate in teams. Europe experienced a massive loss of lowland habitats favoured by spotted hyenas, and a corresponding increase in mixed woodlands. [54] In the Mtwara Region of Tanzania, it is believed that a child born at night while a hyena is crying will be likely to grow up to be a thief. [5] Other cultures associate them with witchcraft, using their body parts in traditional African medicine. [48] Adults measure 95–165.8 cm (37–65 in) in body length, and have a shoulder height of 70–91.5 cm (28–36 in). Sir Walter Raleigh, in an attempt to rationalise how Noah's Ark could have fitted all extant species of animal, wrote that hyenas were hybrids between foxes and wolves which originated after the Great Flood. Spotted hyenas are thought to be responsible for the dis-articulation and destruction of some cave bear skeletons. This chamber measures up to 2 metres (6.6 feet) in width, the height being rather less. [13] A study done by evolutionary anthropologists demonstrated that spotted hyenas outperform chimpanzees on cooperative problem-solving tests; captive pairs of spotted hyenas were challenged to tug two ropes in unison to earn a food reward, successfully cooperating and learning the maneuvers quickly without prior training. [131] Greeting ceremonies among clan-members consist of two individuals standing parallel to each other and facing opposite directions. [10] With the decline of grasslands 12,500 years ago, Europe experienced a massive loss of lowland habitats favoured by spotted hyenas, and a corresponding increase in mixed woodlands. [35] The dental formula for all hyena species is: 3.1.4.13.1.3.1. The earliest recorded mention of Κροκόττας is from Strabo's Geographica, where the animal is described as a mix of wolf and dog native to Ethiopia. [152], The Kaguru of Tanzania and the Kujamaat of Southern Senegal view hyenas as inedible and greedy hermaphrodites. Chases are usually relatively slow, with an average speed of 15–30 km/h. Like cercopithecine primates, spotted hyenas use multiple sensory modalities, recognise individual conspecifics, are conscious that some clan-mates may be more reliable than others, recognise third-party kin and rank relationships among clan-mates, and adaptively use this knowledge during social decision making. The aardwolf is primarily an insectivore, specialised for feeding on termites of the genus Trinervitermes and Hodotermes, which it consumes by licking them up with its long, broad tongue.
Nomination Conseil Des Ministres Du 29 Juillet 2020, Tenue Motocross Pas Cher, Sims 4 Université Diplôme, Alain Bernardin Héritage, Nariz Feminine Or Masculine, Soldat Peaceful Theme, Master Justice, Procès Et Procédure France, Bts Sio Maths Approfondies Programme, Cours Capitaine 200 Pdf,